Multilevel Perspective (MLP) Approach

 The multi-level perspective (MLP) is a promising framework for analysing socio-technical transitions to sustainability. In general, the multilevel perspective can be seen as an approach in which interactions between mul- tiple actors within a given environment can be explained and understood. These interactions take place mainly on three levels and result in transforma- tions in various issues, such as those related to transformations in the fields of energy. The first level is known as the micro level, wherein transitions in their various forms begin to occur in their initial stages. Transitions at this stage are mostly characterized by creativity and radicalism. As such, inno- vations need an incubation period before moving to the higher level. The second level of analysis is meso-level. At that level, innovations interact with the institutional framework with all its customs, rules, procedures and values, all of which affect the transformation process that takes place within the various sectors, including transitions in energy policies. The meso-level is very important, as it affects the possibility of success or failure of transi- tions with regard to innovations, and thus the extent to which they can be transferred to the macro level or not. The third and final level of analysis in the multilevel approach is the macro or “landscape” level. This level in- cludes contextual factors such as political, economic and social structures, as well as factors that will influence transitions in the field of energy, such as global energy prices, international agreements in the field of energy, climate change and wars. Comparing all the previously mentioned levels of analysis, this level includes the most stable factors and is therefore the most difficult in terms of the ability to change them.¨¨¨